Berries from your genusRubusRubusspecies (L. showed moderate inhibition towardsBacillus subtilisStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia

Berries from your genusRubusRubusspecies (L. showed moderate inhibition towardsBacillus subtilisStaphylococcus aureusEscherichia coliSalmonella enteritidisR. alpestrisR. moluccanusR. fraxinifoliusRubuscould be found on highland area of Sabah. Generally this genus comprises 12 subgenera and consists of 500 species [13] including few domesticated species. Based on the record by Corner and Beaman [14] more than 8 species ofRubuscan be SRT1720 HCl found above 1200?m on Mount Kinabalu for instance Rubus lineatus Rubus benguetensis Rubus elongates andRubus rosifoliusRubus moluccanusL. Rubus fraxinifoliusPoir. andRubus alpestrisBlume could be found in Mount Alab Crocker Range Park Sabah Borneo. The SRT1720 HCl diversity of wildRubusspecies in this area has drawn our attention to further investigate the bioactivities and their chemical components. Therefore the current study aims to investigate the antioxidant antiacetylcholinesterase and antibacterial activities of the selected wildRubusspecies fruits (L. R. fraxinifoliusPoir. andR. alpestris(Physique 1) R. alpestris(Physique 2) andR. fraxinifolius(Physique 3)] were collected from Mount Alab Crocker Range Park Sabah Malaysian Borneo on February 2014. These herb materials were recognized by a botanist Mr. Johnny Gisil. Voucher specimens of the three samples were deposited at BORNEENSIS Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The fruits were washed weighed and cut into smaller pieces. Then the fruits were kept in a freezer (?80°C) overnight before being freeze-dried for 3 days. The freeze-dried samples were ground into fine powder by using a dry grinder. The samples were sieved to get a standard particle size and kept in DCHS2 an airtight container and stored in a freezer (?20°C) for further analysis. Physique 1 is usually absorbance = (is the molar absorptivity of cyanidin-3-glucoside = 26 900 and is the concentration of the buffer in mg/mL. Results were expressed as mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (c-3-gE)/g of dried sample. 2.3 Total Carotenoid SRT1720 HCl ContentCarotenoid content in the extract was decided based on the method explained previously [18]. About SRT1720 HCl 150?m/z40 to 700 and the electron ionization at 70?eV. The chromatograms of the sample were recognized by comparing their mass spectra with the library data (NIST 11 Library and Wiley Library) and the GC retention time against known requirements. 2.4 Determination of Antioxidant Activities in Wild Rubus Extracts 2.4 DPPH (2 2 Radical AssayThe scavenging activity of the extract was estimated by using DPPH as a free radical model [19]. Firstly 0.3 DPPH was prepared by dissolving 0.0118?g DPPH powder into 100?mL complete methanol. Then 1 from 0.3?mM DPPH methanol was added to 2.5?mL sample extract with the different concentration and allowed to stand for 30 minutes at room heat in dark room. The solution was transferred into cuvette and absorbance value was measured at 518?nm by using a spectrophotometer. The blank and control absorbance value were also taken. The free radical scavenging activity was calculated by using the following formula: Staphylococcus aureusandBacillus subtilisand two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coliandSalmonella enteritidis were used in this study. 100?< 0.05 to test the significant difference between the samples. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Total Phenolic Flavonoid Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents Phenolics flavonoids anthocyanins and carotenoids are the phytochemicals that normally presented in berries known to possess antioxidant anti-inflammatory anticancer antihypertension antimutagenic antineurodegenerative and other bioactivities [4 6 24 25 Naturally these phytochemicals are vital components for plant's physiological functions such as for pollination and protection against UV light pathogens and herbivore [26]. Therefore the occurrence of the total phenolic flavonoid anthocyanin and carotenoid content in the selectedRubusspecies was investigated in this study. The result (Table 1) displayed the significant differences (< 0.05) among theRubusspecies except for total carotenoid betweenR. moluccanusandR. fraxinifoliusR. alpestriscrude extract. The highest flavonoid (18.17 ±.