Solubility of phenolics of mango ginger extract in supercritical carbon dioxide

Solubility of phenolics of mango ginger extract in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied at 40-60?°C and 100-350?bar. from the experiment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1667-1) contains supplementary material which is available to authorized users. popularly known as mango ginger belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. The plant is usually widely cultivated in India apart from Malaysia China Bangladesh Myanmar Thailand Japan and Australia (Sasikumar 2005). It is a unique spice morphologically similar to ginger but imparts mango flavor (Policegoudra et al. 2011). They are widely used in the preparation of culinary items such as pickles sauces etc. in Indian subcontinent because of its exotic aroma. Nearly sixty-eight compounds were identified from the steam distilled volatile oil of the rhizome (Rao et al. 1989). In the Indian system medicine Ayurveda the herb is given importance as appetizer alexiteric antipyretic aphrodisiac and laxative properties (CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1950). The extract TAK-700 of rhizome exhibited antimicrobial antifungal and anthelmintic activity against tape worms. It is also rich major components including starch phenolic acids volatile oils curcuminoids and terpenoids like difurocumenonol amadannulen and amadaldehyde (Policegoudra et al. 2011). Many aspects of processing like drying (Krishna Murthy and Manohar 2013a) grinding (Krishna Murthy and Manohar 2013b) and extraction (Krishna Murthy and Manohar 2014) of mango ginger have been studied by the authors. Extraction of mango ginger for its bioactives on a commercial scale is not in practice and such extraction shall result in value-added products. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is a highly promising solvent due to its relatively low critical temperature and pressure high solvent power high diffusivity low viscosity and low surface tension. SC-CO2 has an added advantage of being non-toxic and nonflammable as compared to many organic solvents that are reported to be carcinogenic (Yeoh et al. 2013). SC-CO2 can be removed and recovered from the extracts after processing by simple condensation Vegfc at room temperature. The extraction efficiency and selectivity can be enhanced by tuning pressure and/or temperature (Hojjati et al. 2009; Jafari et al. 2010). It is necessary to know the thermodynamic critical properties of bioactive components for adequate design of reactors and separation equipment involved in supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) and in enhancement of yield of the nutraceuticals. Properties like critical volume critical pressure critical temperature melting point boiling point compressibility factor and acentric factor are of practical importance as they are the basis for the estimation of solubility of pure component or mixture in supercritical fluid (SCF) by equation of state TAK-700 (Henderson et al. 2004). Commercial feasibility of most of the SCFE extraction process depends on solubility of the desired component in the supercritical fluid. Solubility affects yield of extraction cost of processing and also the particle size and morphology of the product obtained (Yeoh et al. 2013). Critical properties of pure and simple compounds such TAK-700 as CO2 water etc. are available in literature (McHugh and Krukonis 1994). Due to complex nature and instability of bioactive components at or near the TAK-700 critical temperature experimental measurements of their critical properties are extremely TAK-700 difficult if not impossible. It is therefore very important that prediction methods that are reliable and having low probability in failure when extrapolated be followed (Li and Kiran 1990). Group Contribution methods use basic structural information of a chemical molecule like a list of simple functional groups adds parameters to these functional groups and calculates thermo-physical and transport properties as a function of the sum of group parameters. Since 1950s numerous methods have been developed for the estimation of critical properties. In the absence of experimental data available Group contribution method of predicting critical properties is the most.